Infancy

Psychosocial Stages of Development- Infancy and Toddlerhood There are two stages of psychosocial stages of development that occur in Infancy and Toddlerhood. In this discussion I will be discussing them and the elements in each. In Infancy the two stages of psychosocial development are trust vs. mistrust, these two stages are very important for the mental development of a child. This stage lasts from birth to two years old. During this stage an infant learns the stages of trusting their caregiver to take care of their needs.According to Erik Erikson, this stage in an infant’s development is a direct correlation to the levels of trust they will have as adults (Newman & Newman, 2102). For example, as an infant cries for their caregiver to meet basic needs such as feeding, diaper changes, or if the infant simply needs love and attention they are learning to develops a sense of trust in their caregiver and how quickly, or if all, their needs are being met.As a toddler, childre n are taught right from wrong and learn to trust their own perceptions. These are all important characteristics that will shape the child as they grow into adults. Erikson’s psychosocial theory explains the toddler’s self-identity and fear of separateness (Newman & Newman, 2012). As a Toddler, the crisis that exists is that between autonomy and shame or guilt (Newman & Newman, 2012). This is very important because the toddler begins to find their own way separate from their parents coaching.They feel shame or guilt if something they do goes wrong or it does not turn out the way they thought. If they do something that they sense as bad and their caregiver does not encourage them to try again, the toddler may experience anger or resentment toward other people as they age. As a mental health counselor, my knowledge of the stages of infancy and toddlers will help me serve individuals, students and families more effectively. I believe that every adult is a direct re flection of his or her childhood.The mental state of my clients is heavily determined by the way they grew up and the love and attention they received. To better understand this theory will give me a blueprint and research to ask questions regarding the relationship with their parents and their childhood experiences. If there is a family that is having problems communicating with each other, it will be a great tool to use to make a synopsis of the causes of the lack of communication or other negative behaviors.Erik Erikson’s, theory is a well thought out theory that all counselors can use to better understand the reasoning of their clients behavior. It will be a great theory to discuss with my clients to help them make a direct connection to their childhood experiences as well.References: Newman, B. , & Newman, P. (2012). Development through life: A psychosocial approach (11th ed. ) (L. Schreiber-Ganster, Ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. (Original work pub lished 2009)

Solder Joint In Electronic Engineering Essay

Electronic makers throughout the universe have a long history of utilizing lead-based solders. These solders have proven to be cost effectual and high reliable, and are solidly integrated into fabricating methods and procedures. Driven by statute law chiefly in the European Union i.e. WEE, RoHS, EEE Directives, makers are concrete the manner for taking lead solder from all electronics assemblies. However, the credence of nonleaded solder posses many draw dorsums. Conversion to RoHS ( Restriction of Hazardous Substance ) compliant parts must include the full merchandise development and fabrication procedure. To electronics makers, one of the most of import facets in the procedure is guaranting the nonleaded solder articulation dependability is equal to or greater than that of their current leaded solder composings. Manufacturers are working independently to formalize dependability for their nonleaded electronic constituents and systems. Likewise, industry organisations and other research workers have developed proof plans that attempt to understand failure mechanism associated with nonleaded merchandises, generate dependability acceleration theoretical accounts, and predict the dependability of nonleaded solder articulations. Several theoretical accounts of lead free solder articulation dependability non mature plenty yet to enable alone demand of aerospace and military intent. Several factors affect solder articulation dependability, i.e. portion geometry, solder drosss, and external environmental emphasiss. Rapid thermic cycling has been an effectual environmental stimulation capable of bring oning weariness on solder articulations, peculiarly with stuffs holding mismatched thermic enlargement coefficients. Mechanically induced quiver is another external emphasis that efficaciously evaluates solder joint dependability. Thermal cycling can bring forth high supplanting emphasiss at low rhythm frequences, whereas mechanical quiver can supply low supplanting emphasiss at high frequences and high rhythm counts. A peculiar type of trial equipment and methodological analysis capable of using a combination of rapid thermic cycling and quiver is Highly Accelerated Life Testing ( HALT ) . Circuit boards range from simple individual moulded plastic boards with Cu music directors on one or both sides to multilayer boards with Cu music directors, each bed being separated by a insulator and interconnected by metal music directors. Minimum line breadth and spacing between lines is less than 100 A µm. The board typically is made from a composite such as an epoxy with superimposed sheets of woven fiberglass. The dielectric stuff between beds of music directors is normally a polymer, for illustration polyimide. To keep solder ability, the exposed Cu may be coated with an inhibitor such as benzotriazole or with a solder greatcoat. Components are attached to the board with solder or metal-filled conductive adhesives. Fully assembled boards may be farther protected against wet, taint, and mechanical harm by a screen coat. ( Steinberg D,1988 )1.2 SOLDER JOINT RELIABILITY AND FAILURESolder articulations widely used in the electronic packaging industry to bring forth good electri cal, thermic, and mechanical connexions between the bundle and the printed circuit board. Twenty per centums of the mechanical failure in airborne and mechanization electronic cause by quiver and daze. Design appropriate step to guarantee the survival equipment in the daze and quiver environment is necessary to make so. Staying 80 per centum of mechanical failure related to thermic emphasiss ensuing from high thermic gradients, coefficient of thermic enlargement and high coefficient of snap. Solder joint failure occurs in several grounds: Poor design of the solder articulation A bad solder articulation intervention Solder stuff Excessive emphasis applied to solder articulations. In general, nevertheless, the solder articulation failures are merely graded harmonizing to the nature of emphasis that have caused. Most joint failure falls into three major classs: Fatigue failure due to cyclic emphasis application Due to the execution of a long term or lasting burden The emphasis is due to overloading in the short term Reflow profile besides has a important function on solder articulation reliablity. Because It besides has a high influence micro construction of the solder articulation. Vibration failure of solder articulations is assessed for dependability utilizing high accelerated life trial, which is represented by a GRMS- clip curve. For surface saddle horse microelectronic constituents, an estimate of printed circuit board ( PCB ) theoretical account analysis can be made by presuming PCB as a bare unpeopled thin home base because the addition in stiffness of PCB due to the climb of the constituents is about offset by the addition in entire mass of the populated PCB. However, this estimation can direct to mistakes in natural frequence computation for different bundle profiles, for flip-chip-on-board ( FCOB ) and plastic-ball-grid-array ( PBGA ) assemblies. When the constituent has little profile, the estimate of PCB assembly as a bare PCB can supply acceptable average analysis consequences because the stiffness and mass part of little constituent to PCB assembly is non considerable. In this trial, changing GRMS-level random quiver trial for PCB assemblies were conducted. In order to cipher the dependability of PCB assembly, it is necessary to carry on the dynamic analysis.1.3 PROJECT PURPOSEIn this modern universe due to the causes of wellness and environmental issues the electronic fabrication industries confronting a challenging job of necessity to bring forth dependable solder merchandises in really high denseness with really low cost. Solder articulations are really of import to the dependability of Printed Circuit Boards ( PCB ) . This is a 1 of the taking factor in transmittal of electrical and thermic connexions. In instance of every PCB even a smaller solder articulations are really of import. So this undertaking investigates the Effect of quiver on solder articulation dependability in electronics assembly applications. Solder articulation of an electronic assembly is really of import measuring because of this theoretical account based survey might assist applied scientists efficaciously better the PCB mechanical design and therefore better dependability of electronics attached to the PCB by sing practical uncertainnesss and inauspicious quiver environments. This experiment attempted to research the usage of HALT to measure the dependability of solder articulations. For this trial, samples of PCB ‘s arranged and tested on an Environmental testing chamber. The trial program included a response where, as samples become displaced from the printed circuit board ( PCB ) , . In add-on, a solder joint life distribution would be bring forthing depicting comparative public presentation between Sn95.5/Ag4.0/Cu0.5 vs. Sn42Bi57Ag1 solder paste. The consequence of this trial did non bring forth the sequence of failures necessary to be after the life informations ; nevertheless the procedure of proving revealed near by into the application of HALT as a technique to contrast the public presentation of PCB soldered constituents. ( Steinberg D,1988 ) The overall research methodological analysis that has been followed during the undertaking is illustrated in Figure 1.1. There are six distinguishable stairss: Literature Survey, Project Planning, Design of Experiments, Experimental work, Analysis of consequence and Conclusion, and Documentation and Presentation. Literature Survey Design of Experiments Undertaking planning Experimental Work Analysis of Results and Conclusion Documentation and Presentation Figure 1.1: Undertaking MethodologyChapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 SINUSOIDAL VIBRATION TESTINGDynamic warps of stuffs caused by quiver can do jobs and malfunctions including failed electrical constituents, deformed seals, optical and mechanical misalignment, cracked or broken constructions, inordinate electrical noise, electrical trunkss, chafed wiring. Because sine quiver represent largely a certain cardinal frequence and the harmonics of that cardinal, in its pure province, this type of quiver is generated by a limited important figure of beginnings. Expressed as amplitude versus frequence, sine quiver is the type of quiver generated in the field by beginnings such as engine rotational velocities, propellor and turbine blade transition frequences, rotor blade transition and launch vehicles. While much of â€Å" existent universe † quiver is random, sine quiver proving accomplishes several of import ends in merchandise ability and proving. Much stuff and completed merchandise was modelled on some type of sine quiver signature. A sine expanse of frequences will reason whether the premises were right and if the divergences are considerable plenty to do design alterations. In other words, expanse will set up if the imagined frequence has been met and/or discovers the trial point cardinal frequence. Similarly, a expanse will assist place the trial capable resonance frequences, which may be the points at which the point experiences peculiarly nerve-racking warps. Some of the undermentioned trials include fixed frequence at higher degrees of the commanding variable ( displacement, speed, acceleration ) , and random quiver. Another typical sinusoidal quiver trial, sine explosion such as the teardrop, goes quickly to top out pulsation and so decays at lower rate ( to forestall harm to the unit ) . The burst trial puts a maximal burden into an object at a rapid rate and peculiarly emphasiss articulations and seams to place craft and design issues.2.2 RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGThe genuineness of random quivers an effectual tool of testing craft defects came about during fabrication. Up until that limited hertz sine was applied during dependability proving. Pure sinusoidal quiver is composed of a individual frequence at any given clip. Comparisons trials revealed that to be the effectivity of random quiver. The trial point will hold to be subjected to many sine frequences over a longer period of clip, and may by happenstance weariness the trial point. Random quivers undercover defect faster. Another fluctuation would be a swept sine on random trial. In random quiver nevertheless, all frequences happening at the same time. Because of this, random quiver analysis normally performed over a big scope of frequences, say from 20Hz to 2000Hz. Research workers are non looking at a specific frequence, specific minute in clip or specific anything else ; They are statistically looking at a construction response to a given random quiver environment. Decidedly be cognizant about any natural frequences that cause a big random response at any open frequence degree, but largely all the experiments taking the overall response of the construction. Random quiver analysis looks at random accelerations or forces over a scope of frequences, which we call the frequence sphere. ( These random inputs are merely sustained over a period of clip, but are non time-dependent ; i.e. , the longer the period of clip, the better the statistical sampling in the frequence sphere. ) The scope of frequences is called a spectrum. Therefore, this is called by Spectral Density. Normally, if accelerations consider in trial, for that Acceleration Spectral Density ( ASD ) have to utilize.2.3 SINE ON RANDOM VIBRATION TESTINGVibration sine on random testing is executing by superposing a sine moving ridge on top of a random environment. A sine on random quiver trial replaces the combined environment of a spinning chopper blade with its distinguishable resonant degrees and the remainder of the aircraft which generates random engine and aerodynamic induced quiver. Gunfire on board an aircraft causes sine quiver while the remainder of the aircraft generates random excitements. These types of trials are doubling quiver Characterized by dominant extremums ( sinusoids ) superimposed on a broadband background. 2.4 Real WORLD SIMULATION. Most quiver in existent universe is random for illustration a vehicle traveling over route feels random quiver from the route abnormalities. Land launched projectile vehicles exposed to non stationary quiver during its flight, the motor ignites the projectile travel through the ambiance, the motor burn terminals and so forth even in flying when subjected to turbulent air flow, undergoes random quiver. Random quiver is composed of battalion of continues spectrum of frequences. Movement varies indiscriminately with clip. It can be accessible in the sphere by a power spectral denseness map [ G2/Hz ] .2.5 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED LIFE TESTING ( HALT )HALT involve quiver proving in all three axes with a random manner of frequences. at last, HALT proving can include the real-time cycling of multiple environmental variables, for illustration, temperature cycling plus quiver testing. This multi-variable proving attack provides a closer appraisal of real-world operating environments. Unlike usual testing, the end of HALT proving is to interrupt the specimen. When the merchandise fails, the weakest point is recognized, so applied scientists know closely what demands to be done to develop merchandise quality. After a merchandise has failed, the weak constituents are upgrade or toughened. The revised specimen is so subjected to an extra unit of ammunition of HALT proving, with the scope of temperat ure, quiver, or floor further increased, so the merchandise fails once more. This identify the following weakest point. By traveling through several proving like this, the merchandise can be made rather strong. With This familiar attack, merely the weak musca volitanss are identified for betterment. This type of proving supply so much information about the assembly and public presentation of a merchandise, that it can be rather supportive for newer applied scientists assigned to a merchandise which they are non wholly familiar. HALT proving must be performed during the design period of a merchandise to build the basic design is dependable. But it is indispensable to observe that the units being tested are likely to be hand-made technology paradigm. At suggestion, we have found that HALT proving should besides be performed on existent industry units, to guarantee that the passage from technology design to production design has non resulted in a loss of merchandise quality or hardiness. Some applied scientists may see this attack as scientifically sensible, but economically impractical. though, the cost of HALT proving is much a lesser sum of than the cost of field failures.2.6 HIGHLY-ACCELERATED STRESS SCREENING ( HASS )HASS testing is an ongoing showing trial, performed on usual production units. Here, the thought is non to damage the merchandise, but instead to verify that existent industry units continue to run decently when subjected to the cycling of ecological factors used during the HASS trial. The bounds used in HASS proving are based on a skilled probe of the HALT proving parametric quantities. The importance of HASS proving can be suited when 1 considers today ‘s typical production scenario. Natural stuffs are purchased from a seller who uses stuffs purchased from other sellers. Components and sub-assemblies are obtained from makers all over the universe. The finishing gathering of the merchandise is performed by a subcontractor. This manner that the quality of the concluding merchandise is a function of the quality of all the constituents, stuffs, and procedures which are a portion of that concluding merchandise. These constituents, stuffs, and procedures c an and make alter over clip, in that manner impacting the worth and dependability of the concluding merchandise. The best manner to guarantee that fiction units continue to run into dependability aims is through HASS testing.2.7 RELIABILITYDependability is definite as the chance that a device will execute its required map under stated conditions for a exact period of clip. predict with some grade of Confidence is really dependent on right specifying a figure of parametric quantities. For case, taking the sharing that matches the information is of primary importance. If a right distribution is non chosen, the consequences will non be dependable. The confidence, which depends on the sample size, must be adequate to do right determinations. Individual element failure rates must be based on a big adequate population and of import to truly reflect present twenty-four hours normal uses. There are experimental considerations, such as influential the incline of the failure rate and cipherin g the activation power, every bit good as ecological factors, such as temperature, humidness, and quiver. eventually, there are electrical stressors such as electromotive force and current. Dependability technology can be slightly conceptual in that it involves much statistics ; yet it is technology in its most reasonable signifier. Will the design execute its proposed mission? Product dependability is seen as a grounds to the stamina of the design every bit good as the unity of the category and fabricating committednesss of an societies. One of the rudimentss of understanding a merchandise ‘s dependability requires an apprehension of the estimation of the failure rate. The conventional method of finding a merchandise ‘s failure rate is through the usage of accelerated quiver runing life trials perform on a sample of Devicess. The failure rate obtained on the life trial sample is so extrapolated to end-use fortunes by agencies of prearranged numerical theoretical accounts to give an appraisal of the failure rate in the field application. even though there are many other emphasis methods engaged by electronic assembly makers to to the full separate a merchandise ‘s dependability, the informations generated from operational life trial sampling is the major method used by the production for gauging the failure rate of a electronic assembly in field service.Failure Rate ( I » )Measure of failure per unit of clip. The utile life failure rate is based on the exponential life distribution. The failure rate typically decreases somewhat over early life, so stabilizes until wear-out which shows an increasing failure rate. This should happen beyond utile life.Failure In Time ( FIT )Measure of failure rate in 109 device hours ; e. g. 1 FIT = 1 failure in 109 device hours.Entire Device Hours ( TDH )Th e summing up of the figure of units in operation multiplied by the clip of operation.Average Time between failures ( MTBF )Dependability is quantified as MTBF ( Average Time Between Failures ) for repairable merchandise and MTTF ( Average Time To Failure ) for non-repairable merchandise. A right apprehension of MTBF is of import. A power supply with an MTBF of 40,000 hours does non intend that the N = Number of units under trial. If the MTBF is known, one can cipher the failure rate as the opposite of the MTBF. The expression for ( I » ) is: where R is the figure of failures. Once a MTBF is calculated, chance can deduce from following equation:R ( T ) = e-t/MTBFConfidence Level or Limit ( CL )Probability degree at which population failure rate estimations are derived from sample life trial. The upper assurance degree interval is used.Acceleration Factor ( AF )A changeless derived from experimental informations which relates the times to failure at two different emphasiss. The AF allows extrapolation of failure rates from accelerated trial conditions to utilize conditions. Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate.The Bathtub CurveThe life of a population of units can be divided into three distinguishable periods. Figure 1 shows the dependability â€Å" bathtub curve † which theoretical accounts the cradle to sculpt instantaneous failure rates vs. clip. If we follow the incline from the start to where it begins to flatten out this can be considered the first period. The first period is characterized by a decreasing failure rate. It is what occurs during the early life of a population of units. The weaker units die off go forthing a population that is more strict. This first period is besides called baby mortality period. The following period is the level part of the graph. It is called the normal life. Failures occur more in a random sequence during this clip. It is hard to foretell which failure manner will attest, but the rate of failures is predictable. Notice the changeless incline. The 3rd period begins at the point where the incline begins to increase and extends to the terminal of the graph. This is what happens when units become old and get down to fail at an increasing rate.Figure 2.1 bath bath curveReliability Predictions MethodsA batch of clip has been spent on developing processs for gauging dependability of electronic equipment. There are by and large two classs: ( 1 ) anticipations based on single failure rates, and ( 2 ) demonstrated dependability based on operation of equipment over clip. Prediction methods are based on constituent informations from a assortment of beginnings: failure analysis, life trial informations, and device natural philosophies. For some computations ( e.g. military application ) MIL-HDBK-217 is used, which is considered to be the standard dependability anticipation method. A simple failure rate computation based on a individual life trial would follow equation 1. I »iˆ = failure rate. TDH = Total Device Hours = Number of units x hours under emphasis. AF = Acceleration factor, Since dependability informations can be accumulated from a figure of different life trials with several different failure mechanisms, a comprehensive failure rate is desired. The failure rate computation can be complicated if there are more than one failure mechanisms in a life trial, since the failure mechanisms are thermally activated at different rates. Equation 1 histories for these conditions and includes a statistical factor to obtain the assurance degree for the resulting failure rate where, I » = failure rate in FITs ( Number fails in 109 device hours ) I? = Number of distinguishable possible failure mechanisms K = Number of life trials being combined eleven = Number of failures for a given failure mechanism I = 1, 2, †¦ I? TDHj = Total device hours of trial clip for life trial J, J = 1, 2, †¦ K AFij = Acceleration factor for appropriate failure mechanism, I = 1, 2, †¦ K M = I §2 ( I ± , 2r +2 ) / 2 where, I §2 = qi square factor for 2r + 2 grades of freedom R = entire figure of failures ( I? xi ) I ± = hazard associated with CL between 0 and 1.2.2 SOLDER PASTERole Of Solder Paste In ReflowingSolder paste is a combination mixture of a flux composing and a extremely grinded, powdered solder metal metal that is usually used in the electronics industry to soldering procedures. And besides it is call as a attachment medium between the device interconnectedness characteristics and the PCB itself. The constituents of a solder paste are specially designed for first-class printing and reflow features. In normal instance of the surface saddle horse soldering procedure involves puting the substrate and a little sum of solder paste in a printed circuit board. After that the system will be heated until the solder reflows, forms an electrical connexion between the solder tablet and the electrical contact of electronics portion. After this reflow finished it forms both an electrical and mechanical connexion between the electronics constituents and the printed circuit board.Selection Criteria Of A Solder PasteChoice of a solder paste is really of import factor for reflowing procedure, dependability & A ; its quality. The undermentioned factors are considerable for a good solder paste [ 6 ] . The size of the solder metal atoms which are in the solder paste The inclination to organize nothingnesss The belongingss of the flux medium of the solder paste Alpha atom emanation rate The design of the stencil to be used for publishing Thermal belongingss of the solder paste Electrical belongingss of the solder pasteChapter 03MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY3.1SOLDER PasteThe inside informations of solder paste used in the experiment are given in the undermentioned tabular arrayPCB noAlloy1 & A ; 2 Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 3 & A ; 4 Sn42Bi57Ag1 Table 3.1. types of solder paste used in experiment For this undertaking all above solder paste should be in a container with appropriate labelling and designation on it to separate it from the Tin – lead solder paste. The solder paste should be stored in a icebox between 35 – 45F. and should be allowed to come room temperature for minimal four hours before making the solder paste printing. Once it has finished the utilizing solder paste must replace to the icebox since it can non be at room temperature over 24 hours. The self life of the lead free solder pastes may be cut downing from the typical six month. The above guidelines are purely followed in this undertaking. Because it is non merely for warrant the quality of solder paste but besides a good manner to cut down the mistakes that may impact the concluding consequences of the undertaking.3.2 SOLDER PASTE PrintingImportant of Solder Paste PrintingSurface mount engineering ( SMT ) is used extensively in the electronics industry. Surface saddle horse constituents are potentially more dependable merchandises can be designed and manufactured utilizing the SMT. The solder paste stencil publishing procedure is really critical and of import measure in the surface saddle horse manufacting procedure. Most of all the bonding defects are due to jobs covering with the showing procedure. Stencil printing procedures have major cautiousnesss in operation and put up stairss. When we are supervising these factors carefully we can minimise the defects. The chief intent of publishing solder paste on PCB is to provide solder metal to solder joint to rectify sum. That merely publish must be aligned right and can acquire a perfect constituent arrangement.Printing Procedure ParametersSome of the undermentioned parametric quantities are really of import to publishing procedure. Stencil Stencils are utilizing for the solder paste slip easy off the aperture edges and thereby secures a unvarying print. For this procedure we utilizing electro formed stencils. Because of these stencils have really shape border and somewhat conelike. By and large a stencil is mading from cuppa or Ni. ENVIRONMENTAL Dust and soil from the air that will make the PCBs and stencils can be defects hapless wet ability in the reflow bonding procedure. So PCBs should be stored in certain bundles and cleaned before usage. SOLDER PASTE Solder paste characterise must be controlled to accomplish a maximal production consequences. Some of the factors are given below [ 12 ] . Percentage of metal Viscosity Slump Solder balls Flux activity working life and shelf lifeSolder Paste Printing Equipment and ProcessStencil printing parametric quantities are really of import factors in publishing procedures to accomplish a best output. The undermentioned parametric quantities must be proctors and controlled in a printing procedure. Squeegee force per unit area = 8kg Squeegee speed = 20 mm/s Separation speed = 100 % Printing spread = 0.0 millimeter These factors and bound can be adjust for our undertaking intent Figure 3.1 DEK 260 stencil printing machine The DEK 260 stencil printing machine is used to publish solder paste on the circuit board. This DEK 260 stencil printing machine has two chief maps. Registers the place of the merchandise screen with in the print caput Positioning the circuit board below the stencil, to cook for the print rhythm. The boards to be print are supported on magnetic tooling and held by vacuity caps arranged on the home base to vouch the board steady during the printing on to the board. The first measure of the experiment is to make the solder paste publishing on to the board.Figure 3.2 Stencil printing by manusIn this undertaking unable to acquire metal stencil, so circuit boards are printed by manus, below process followed to publish PCB Put weights onto the stencil to repair it turn over the squeegee over the stencil solder paste presses through the aperture onto PCB separate stencil Two circuit boards are printed with solder paste for each solder paste types. Wholly 4 circuit boards printed.Pick and PlaceComponent of PCB placed by choice and topographic point machine ( APS Gold-Place L20 ) . robotic weaponries are used to put surface-mount devices onto PCB. Pick and topographic point process as follow. pneumatic suction noses taken by caput of arm, so moved to feeder where the constituent is loaded. The suction nozzele picks it up utilizing vacuity, and moves to the arrangement location so centers the constituent with focus oning fingers. After justified aligned point, it places the constituent onto solder paste.Figure 3.3 APS Gold-Place L203.3 SOLDER PASTE REFLOWPROCESS & A ; PROFILEFigure 3.4 reflow ovenReflow procedure is really of import to accomplish a good dependable solder articulation. Novastar 2000 HT convectional reflow oven is used in research lab for the probe. When making the reflow procedure with lead free solder paste it has to be performed at a m inimal peak temperature of 150.It is by and large accepted that lead free solders requires a higher reflow temperature up to 230 – 240.reflow oven has six warming zones and chilling zone. ( Wu J.2000 ) Reflow profile will be impacting the dependability of a solder articulation. Because it is a major factor that influence the formation of the intermettallic beds in a solder articulation. Intermettalic bed is a critical portion of a solder articulation. An intermettalic bond thickness should be thin. Therefore a good reflow profile must bring forth solder bumps with a thin intermetallic layer.. ( Zhang RR.2001 )PREHEAT ZONEIn this zone indicates how the temperature is altering fast on the printed circuit board. The ramp-up rate is normally between 1-3 per second. If this rate exceeds there will be harm to constituents from thermic daze. Merely In this preheat zone the solder paste begins to vaporize. So if the rise rate is excessively low the vaporization of flux is non uncomplete. This will impact the quality of the solder articulation.THERMAL SOAK ZONEIt is besides called the flux activation zone. In this thermic soak zone it will take 60-120 seconds for remotion of solder paste an d activation of fluxes. Solder splatter and balling will be go on if the temperature is excessively high or excessively low. End of this thermic daze zone a thermic equilibrium will finish the full circuit board.REFLOW ZONEIn this reflow zone merely the maximal temperature will be reached. In this zone we have to see about the peak temperature that is the maximal allowable temperature of full procedure. It is really of import to supervise this maximal temperature exceeds the peak temperature in this zone. It may do harm to the internal dies of SMT constituents and a block to the growing of intermetalic bonds. we have to see the profile clip besides. If clip exceeds than the industries specification it besides affect the circuit board ‘s quality.Cooling ZoneIn the reflow procedure the last zone is chilling zone. A proper chilling inhabits extra intermetallic formation or thermic daze to the constituents. By and large the chilling zone temperature scope is 30 – 100. In this undertaking, the undermentioned temperature profiles were selected. This temperature profile is stranded reflow profile for lead free bonding. Zone 1 220 Zone 2 180 Zone 3 170 Zone 4 190 Zone5 233 Zone 6 233 Wholly 4 circuit boards were printed. Choosing of good reflow profile was non involves any defects or amendss in the printed circuit board.Figure 3.5 Reflow profileFigure 3.6 printed circuit board after reflowSET UP EVENT DETECTORFigure 3.7 Event sensorThe constructed PCB ‘s were connected with event sensor by thread informations overseas telegram. Ribbon overseas telegram addressed harmonizing to `Analysis tech STD series event sensors manual ‘ . pins 1 to 32 map as beginning terminus and pins 33 to 37 map as land terminus.Figure 3.8 Ribbon overseas telegram pin referenceTo obtain closed cringle circuit to supervise the behavior of PCB constituents, PCB boards 1, 2, 3 and 4 connected to impart 1,2,33 and 34 severally.Ribbon overseas telegramAfter connected thread overseas telegram with event sensor and environment chamber, channels are assigned in â€Å" WIN DATA LOG † package which supplied with event sensor. For this trial following scenes define for informations acquisition.Figure 3.9 set up trial informations in event sensor3.5 INVESTICATING RELIABILITY OF SOLDER JOINT UNDER VIBRATION CHAMERFigure 3.10 Design Environmental FS800-70SVIn this survey, PCB ‘s were used in Variable Frequency Vibration Test to analyze the dynamic response of PCB assembly subjected to random quiver burden. The PCB specimens were tested at different acceleration degrees to measure the solder articulation dependability subjected changing G-level quiver tonss ( G is the gravitative acceleration ) , severally. Vibration trials were accomplished by utilizing an electro dynamic Shaker ( Design Environmental FS800-70SV ) and event sensor. One accelerometer was used to find the dynamic response of the specimen, Daisy concatenation cringles were monitored at the same time by an Event Detector during quiver trial. Any opposition alteration transcending a preset threshold with minimal continuance of 200ns can be d etected by the Event Detector. When a cleft is initiated in the solder articulation during the quiver trial, the opposition will increase. The failure standards recommended by IPC – 785 criterion is defined as daisy concatenation opposition by thermic or mechanical transients or perturbations in the signifier of short continuance ( ~ 1 A µsec ) high opposition spikes ( & gt ; 300 a„ ¦ ) . During thermic alterations the solder articulations are capable to shear, non tensile, lading ; hence, fracture surfaces of fractured solder articulations slide relative to each other bring forthing the characteristic short continuance intermittent. Therefore, in this context, the practical definition of solder joint failure is the break of electrical continuity ( & gt ; 300 ohms ) for periods greater than 1 microsecond. Figure 3.11 PCB ‘s was mounted inside the Environment chamber in this mode. Figure 3.12 Above tabular array exemplifying trial program.Figure 3.13 Trial programFigure 3.14 graphs obtained from chamberChapter 4ConsequencePCB board Failure rate ( % ) Operation clip ( hours ) Dependability 1 24.0 5 0 2 63.0 13.04 0 3 1.6 0.3305 0.5893 4 2.5 0.5083 0.2806Table 4.1 dependability of solder pasteThe proving began with 1 GRMS. The intent of this to observe any gross issues in solder articulations, every bit good as with the informations acquisition system. No failures were detected at beginning, nevertheless, after 1.5GRMS an review revealed that both PCBs 3 and 4 were failed. Following, quiver degrees were stepped bit by bit to 6GRMS increases over the period of five hours PCB 1 got failed, In 13.04 hr ‘s period the chamber reached degree of about 14GRMS, staying PCB besides got failed. However, the failure mechanism was attributed to a quiver moving on the solder connexion particular to these parts and was straight related to thermic mistakes. Failure rate Time elapsed Above graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn42Bi57Ag1 Failure rate Time elapsed Above graph illustrating failure rate vs. Time elapsed for Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5Chapter 5RESULT ANALYSISFrom dependability analysis sample 3 has maximum dependability and sample 2 has minimum dependability. Each sample was subjected to nominal supply current and opposition value in conformity with the design and public presentation specification. Respective trial samples continued to vibrate with some public presentation abnormalities observed. The aim of this experiment was to utilize HALT quiver to set up the relationship between the life of similar parts soldered with different solder composings. The consequences proved inconclusive for the primary intent of â€Å" Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 † versus â€Å" Sn42Bi57Ag1 † articulation random quiver trial. Both composings demonstrated weak public presentation and the consequences may propose that with regard to this brief random quiver trial, solder articulation dependability is different between the two composings. No samples were separated from the trial vehicle as a consequence of the quiver applied. However, the trial procedure revealed insight into HALT and suggested factors which can impact consequences when soldered constituents are being compared. First, Printed circuit board kineticss would be understood and controlled so that acceleration hot musca volitanss and nothings are made more equal in amplitude. A flexible PCB will debar and bring forth bending emphasiss suited for measuring emphasis on solder articulations. But with a flexible board acceleration uniformity become hard to command and do a comparing trial less nonsubjective. Second, HALT random quiver is a good methodological analysis for bring forthing multi-axis wide spectrum energy for PCBs and their constituents. ( Wu J.2000 ) The typical method to analyze the functionality of a PCB in a quiver environment is to verify the quiver transmissibility. Normally the transmissibility at any location of PCB should be less than a factor of 10, i.e. , 1 G input will non bring forth more than 10 G end product at any location of the PCB. To accomplish this end, two methods can be applied to the PCB design. One is to restrain the PCB tightly to the fixture, which can be realized by bettering the boundary conditions in the finite component analysis theoretical account. The other is to relocate heavy affiliated constituents of the PCB board to allow optimum locations ( i.e. , mass re-distribution ) . ( Wu J.2000 ) Lead free solder assemblies have quickly been promote in the micro-packaging development to forestall the environmental pollution, issues on the dependability has non been clearly solved. Several experiments have been conducted on the soundness of alternate lead free soldering technique such as Sn-Ag-Cu solder. During the bumping procedure, a considerable thermic distortion is occurred and the chemical features of solder and bed qualities are besides changed in agreement with the surface completing method such as ET ( electric Sn ) , ENEPIG ( electro less nickel, electro less Pd and submergence gold ) etc. The IMC ( intermetallic compound ) bed is formed in a micro-scale part between the solder and the surface completing stuff under high temperature adhering procedure. In the field of micro-packaging together with IMC bed, one of the most hard issues is to mensurate width interface beds in a solder articulations. Since the IMC beds have been estimated as the weakest subdivision in th e solder articulations, a accurate finding of mechanical belongingss in the country of this critical part may supply direct and enhanced information to understand the break behavior. aˆ? . ( Zhang RR.2001 ) stringency of mounting bolt of PCB reduced during experiment. Due to this consequence the PCB stated to vibrate freely. Applied quiver force was non shared uniformly. From finite component analysis alterations in stringency of mountin bolt can be realize.Chapter 6DecisionThe decisions ensuing from this work are:.Interactions between temperature and quiver were found important and therefore had influence on concluding consequence. Stencil printing by manus affect the solder joint dependability. Better apprehension gained about electronic assembly behaviors when subjected to quiver. Gained cognition about electronic assembly procedure and how it is act uponing in solder articulation dependability. Gained good experience in managing event sensor and environmental proving chamber.Chapter 7FUTURE WORKSIn this undertaking investigated the consequence of quiver of solder articulation dependability in electronic assembly. For this probe two different types solder paste used, eventually all specimens were tested in environmental Chamber. In this undertaking when making quiver trial informations acquired by event sensor is non accurate value. From informations obtained from event sensor does non give proper analytical consequence. In sing about the hereafter works of this undertaking can be expand based on acquirable informations type, every bit good as finite component analysis because dependability of a solder articulation depends on assorted environmental factors, so result analysis will be more accurate and stand with more international criterions.

Canterbury Tales Analysis Essay Example for Free

Canterbury Tales Analysis Essay Physically the two characters appear extremely different. The knight is dressed in a fustian tunic, â€Å"Stained and dark with smudges where his armour had left mark† (Chaucer 5). Although he is a distinguished man, he dresses humbly and does not give the appearance of arrogance. It is also apparent that he carries a sword, which would match his profession as a knight because he is able to fight. The Sea Captain’s attire matches his occupation. He wears a â€Å"Woollen gown that [reaches] his knee† (Chaucer 15); he is tan and has a large beard. He carries a dagger, implying that he knows how to fight and defend himself like the Knight. Considering their occupations, one can find many similarities. They are both very proficient at their jobs. The Sea Captain is described as having no competition: â€Å"None from Hull to Carthage was his match† (Chaucer 16). He is experienced and knows the seas better than any captain. He is known for his skill at commanding his ship, the Maudelayne. He frequently travels the sea. Similarly, the knight is a traveler, except on land. He is an experienced fighter, as he has been in many battles. He was present at the battle where Alexandria was taken in 1365 by the King of Cyprus. In fifteen mortal battles he had been† (Chaucer 5). According to the examples of battles given in the text, the knight rarely loses a battle. He owns fine horses and is skilled at riding horseback. However, behavior is what really sets these two characters apart. The knight is a chivalrous man. He believes in truth, honor, and generosity. People look up to him; he is â€Å"Ever honoured for his noble graces† (Chaucer 4). A Christian and a virtuous man, he is even more humbled by his position as a knight. His many victories did not permit him to lose his modesty; instead, they led him to be wise and honorable. The Sea Captain, in contrast, is a fearsome character. When dealing with prisoners, â€Å"The nicer rules of conscience he ignored† (Chaucer 16); they walked the plank. Not a virtuous man by any means, he has a reputation of stealing goods from traders while they sleep. Those who fight him fear him. He does not have a high position in society, but his brutality and prudence make him successful in battle. He is revered for his skill and success, but people do not look up to him. In summary, the use of foil by Chaucer enables the reader to notice differences and similarities between the Knight and the Sea Captain. They have similar occupations, but different roles in society as well as nearly opposite personalities. The foil emphasizes their characteristics to make them even more prominent to the reader. For example, the knight’s Christian values make the Sea Captain seem extremely harsh and lowly in comparison. The reader will be able to gain more out of the story these characters tell because of how detailed their character sketches are. Specifically, the characters are given more depth by their similarities and differences to other characters in the tale. Canterbury Tales Analysis. (2018, Oct 17).

Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Franchising Essay

Small Business, Entrepreneurship and Franchising - Essay Example The franchise raises operations money and manages the business operations. In franchising mode of business, someone else does establishment of the business for another. The franchise shares the business expertise for a financial consideration with the franchise. Franchising can be of different types. There is one where a business is developed much earlier on especially with existing products and the manufacturer grants right to sell the products to the franchise. The other is the franchise where franchiser allows the franchisee to utilize a special recipe or process as well as the name of the franchiser. Today, the format of business type of ownership is constituted by franchising where franchisers do not only grant the right to sell products and services or its name, but also transfers totally the way of operating the business developed such as management methods, operating, training and marketing systems, as well as technical experience and expertise (Sherman, 2007). The franchise is also extensively trained by franchiser as well as offer an ongoing support. Buying a franchise may as well be a feasible and/ or viable alternative to establishing a new business.   The primary benefit associated with franchising is the minimization of risks. Establishing a new business is often very risky. New business risk failure within their first three years of operation, this is because the owners still have to experience the sustainability curve of operations. Franchising, however, minimizes these risks since it’s already established. Franchisors also provide much information to the franchisees before any investment is made in the business. This enables the franchisees to try if the business if fit for them or not.

David Orton PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

David Orton PLC - Essay Example In order to understand the challenges that Costwise employees have to face since the merger of their organization with Ortons it is necessary to refer primarily to the main events followed the above merger, meaning the events that are likely to affect the employee relationships across the organization: before the merger both firms, Ortons and Costwise have been quite powerful in the British retail industry. However, the two firms had a different culture, as reflected in their strategic priorities: for Ortons, keeping its prices at a rather high level, ensuring the quality of its products, and increasing the number of its larger stores have been the most important elements of the firm’s strategy. In opposition, the stores of Costwise were of various sizes; developing an effective communication with customers has been more important in Costwise instead of increasing the number of profits. Moreover, the level of compensation in Costwise has been lower than that of Ortons, a fact that has not negatively affected the performance of employee in Costwise. After the merger, when the differences between the two organizations revealed, employees in the two firms have been asked to cooperate for promoting the plans of the organization resulted by the merger, the David Orton plc. However, inequalities in compensation and in the participation of employees in the firm’s decision-making process led employees in Costwise at a lower position compared to their counterparts in Ortons.

Educational Standards and Leadership Traits Assignment

Educational Standards and Leadership Traits - Assignment Example The essay will also analyze the traits possessed by the writer of this work and evaluate them against ISLLC standards. School culture is a collection of behavioral attributes that determine the day-to-day activities in educational institutions. School culture is a vital factor in the success of any educational institution. This is because of its contribution to the principles, outlook, and behaviors of students, the teaching staff, and non-teaching staff. In some cases, school managers leave school culture to develop on their own. However, this can be highly ineffective due to the students’ psychological immaturity. This is the reason as to why leaders in educational institution would prefer molding the culture in a way that it would help the schools attain their intended purposes. Leadership traits like persistence, honesty, being knowledgeable, punctuality and self-discipline play a big role in establishing and supporting a positive school community and culture (Owings, Kapl an, & Nunnery, 2005). Having patience when dealing with both the students and members of staff can help in bringing out the best of them. This is because with the patient, they are likely to be aware of their capability to improve. This will also enable a leader in an educational institution to be able to treat all the students fairly, given that some students might take longer to grasp some concepts. Punctuality and self-discipline can also help the leaders set a good example to the students. This is because giving the students theoretical teaching on ethical issues like self-discipline and punctuality might be meaningless if they do not see the institutional leaders practicing it (Waters, & Kingston, 2005). The students might turn out to be highly unethical because they will lack faith in the values and importance of being ethical. Absolute honesty and fairness is a vital trait in school leadership. This is because it helps in enhancing peaceful coexistence amongst the institution s’ communities. This can be associated to the saying, â€Å"honest leaders make honest subjects.† The students will also be able to have a conducive learning environment because they will have to worry less about being subjected to unfair situations (Bryant, Hessel, & Isernhagen, 2002). Honesty and fairness will also increase the level of trust that the students would have on the institution leadership. This type of trust would limit the possibility of dissatisfaction of the school’s management by the students. This will hence prevent occurrences like students’ strikes, which will promote smooth operation of the learning institution. With the smooth operation, the students are likely to benefit highly from the saved time and economical resources. A good sense of humor can also be beneficial to a school leader. Applying humor when interacting with the students will reduce the tension brought by either the generational gap or the gap brought by the differen ce in their status in the learning institution. An environment such as this one, a good sense of humor will enhance the learning process and interaction in the school in general (Waters, & Kingston, 2005). A relaxed environment will also enhance maximum participation of the students in the learning process. This participation increases the quality of education, as it will give room for better communication in the learning i

Phonetics Lab work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phonetics Lab work - Assignment Example say it one time in this paragraph. She say [à °Ã‰â„¢] ‘the’ at the end of the paragraph. All other times she say either /d/ or /s/. She use /d/ instead of /à °/ at the beginning of word and /s/ instead of /à °/ at the end of word. She changes the voiced dental fricative /à °/ to a voiced alveolar stop /d/ at the beginning of word and she changes the voiced dental fricative /à °/ to a voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ at the end of word. The Mandarin phonetic chart show that there is not /à °/ in the language. This maybe why speaker cannot say it. The speaker has trouble saying the front, close-mid vowel /É ª/ and say /i/ instead. /i/ is a front high close vowel. So the speaker raising the front, close-mid vowel /É ª/ to a front high close vowel /i/. The vowel chart for Mandarin show that there is no /É ª/ in the language. This may be why speaker cannot say it. Although she did use /r/ in some words such as [frÊÅ'm] ‘from’ that should be [frÉ’m], [brÊÅ'zÉÅ"] ‘brother’ that should be [brÊÅ'à °Ã‰â„¢], [rÉ›z] ‘red’ that should be [rÉ›d], and [tren] ‘train’ that should be [trein], she left it out in the words above. So she has trouble pronouncing the alveolar trill /r/ and leaves it out many times. She has trouble using the alveolar, lateral approximant /l/ and leaves it out in these words. She can use it some places such as [slà ¦bs] ‘slabs’ that should be [slà ¦bz], in [smal] ‘small’, and in [wil] ‘will’ that should be [wÉ ªl]. Same as the Mandarin speaker, the Thai speaker has trouble saying the front, close-mid vowel /É ª/ and say /i/ instead. /i/ is a front high close vowel. So the speaker raising the front, close-mid vowel /É ª/ to a front high close vowel /i/. The vowel chart for Thai also show that there is no /É ª/ in the

Retirement Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Retirement Planning - Essay Example us to take decisions regarding the finances which we hold in our hand right now, the opportunity cost they throw and the ultimate decision which needs to be taken up to optimize our earnings for a trouble-free future. It has various components like tax planning, managing liquidity, financing for large purchases, asset and income protection, money investment plans, and the most important function being planning for your retirement. In fact, all the above five functions are usually taken up only to cater to the financial needs after retirement. Depending on the above five parameters, you will have to set up your retirement planning goals for which the following points are to be considered: Social Security is a federal program which intends to tax the individual at the time of his employment in order to finance his older years. The online social security program gives all the details of the eligibility and the benefits which are usually changed from time to time. This program delivers a minimal payment base which may not be quite sufficient to meet all the daily needs of retirement in these inflating times (Anonymous, 2008). The funding of this program is done by taxing the current employees at the rate of 7.65% under Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) tax. Same amount is also paid by your employer also. In this way, the current tax contributions are utilized to fund the current retirement payments and not for your future purposes. Your future receivables would be funded by the then available contributions. Here, one needs to note that, as the retirement life is prolonged, there is more burdens on the balancing act as the tax receivables is far more exceeding the tax collectibles. Hence, many people also look for other alternatives. Defined Benefit Plans: Contributions are made by the employer and the percentage of vested interest varies from one firm to the other. Vested interest means the % of contribution which can transferrable into your retirement

Atmospheric Circulation on Venus Research Paper

Atmospheric Circulation on Venus - Research Paper Example The Venus atmosphere is in a condition of vigorous circulation and super-rotation (Hunten, et al. 685). In just 4 days, the entire atmosphere circles the planet which is faster than the sidereal day of 243 days of the planet. The super rotation is supported by the winds and they blow as fast as 100 m/s (360 km/h or 220 mph). Winds move up to 60 times of the rotation of the planet. On the other hand, the speed of wind becomes greatly slower as the elevation from the surface becomes smaller, with the breeze rarely reaching the speed of 10 km/h on the surface. Anticyclonic structures are near the poles and they are called vortices. Every vortex is double-eyed and exhibits a characteristic S-shaped pattern of clouds. These Venus don’t have a magnetic field. Its ionosphere disconnects the atmosphere from the solar wind and outer space. This layer that is ionized includes the solar magnetic field, providing Venus with a distinct magnetic environment. This is believed to be Venusâ₠¬â„¢s induced magnetosphere. Gases that are lighter including water vapor, keeps on being blown away by the solar wind through the induced magnetotail. It is believed that Venus’s atmosphere up to around 4 billion years ago was similar to that of the earth containing water on the surface. A runaway greenhouse effect may have been brought by surface water evaporation and subsequent rise of the levels of other greenhouse gases. Despite the severe conditions on the surface, the pressure and temperature of the atmosphere at approximately 50km to 65km above the planet’s surface is around the same as that of the Earth, hence its upper atmosphere almost the same as the earth’s in the Solar System, even more than the Mars’ surface. Because of the similarity in temperature and pressure and the fact that breathable air is a lifting gas on earth, the upper part of the atmosphere has been proposed as a section for both colonization and

Worlds environmental problems Essay Example for Free

Worlds environmental problems Essay Introduction Rational Based on the past experience in the area of environment and resource studies, the environmental problems such as the accumulation of heavy metals in water and sediment in the canal and river have been the major focus in the study area. The study shows that the major source of heavy metals that accumulate in water and sediment is industries. As a result, it motivates the researcher to choose the research topic about industrialization is responsible for the worlds environmental problems. This current research will certainly be useful for the researcher. It is because this research is closely related to the researchers future study, particularly in the area of environmental engineering. The analysis of research topic Industrialization and the worlds environmental problems are shown as the topic area of the research in the diagram. The research topic is focused on the relationship between industrialization and the worlds environmental problems. Therefore, there are two aspects in the topic which are industrialization and the worlds environmental problems. The purpose of this research is to take a position whether industrialization is responsible for the worlds environmental problems or not. Industrialization brings many problems to the worlds environment. As a result, it is definite to study the causes of worlds environmental problems which can be explained with three main aspects. These three main aspects are the aims of industrialization, the consequences of industrialization and the governments policies about industrialization. Moreover, it is certain to study the effects of these three causes on the environment as have been shown in the diagram. Therefore, it can be proposed that industrialization is responsible for the worlds environmental problems. The diagram below shows the structure of the analysis of research topic. Industrialization is responsible for the worlds environmental problems Data collection The research method The research covers four steps shown as following. Firstly, the research topic that industrialization is responsible for the worlds environmental problems is analyzed in order to find out the probable areas that the research should concentrate on and the information which should be presented. Secondly, the definition of key concept is given. It is that industrialization can be defined as using developed technology in order to change a process of production from small-scale to mass production. After that, based on the definition, research evidence such as examples and statistical data are collected and analyzed in order to support the argument that industrialization is responsible for the worlds environmental problems. Finally, the information is organized into three main reasons of industrializations responsibilities to the worlds environment which are the aims of industrialization, the consequences of industrialization and the governments policies about industrialization. Annotated bibliography Alder, J., Cazamias, P. Monack, D. (1995). Benchmarks : The Ecological and Economic Trends that are shaping the natural environment and human societies. In R. Bailey (Ed.), The true state of the planet (pp. 394-453). New York: The Free Press. This chapter has been written for universitys student who studies in the area of environment. The major area is to present and analyze the data about ecological and economic trends such as world domestic product, total consumption of energy in the world level, water quality violations in United States, emission and atmospheric concentration trends for selected air pollutants in United States. The important information that has been mentioned is the total consumption of energy that is used in economic  sectors. Beder, S. (1996). A case study: The greenhouse effect. In S. Beder (Ed.), The nature of sustainable development (pp. 201-213). Newham: Scribe Publications. This chapter has been written for environmentalist and student who study in the environmental area. The major area is to present some information about the greenhouse effect such as the consequences of greenhouse effect, the responsibility for global warming, the responsibility for reducing greenhouse gases. The important information in this chapter is to tell about the main sources of greenhouse gases. Castillo, C.C. (1995). The sequencing of industrial policies in ASEAN nations. In T. Tullao JR., G.Largoza C. Castillo (Eds.), Issues in Philippine Economic Development (pp. 75-92). Manila: De La Salle University Press. This chapter has been written for students who are studying in social sciences. The major area is to reveal the governments policies of different country in Asia such as Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore. The government of each country tried to support industrialization in order to increase the economic growth. For example, Philippines government exempted manufacturing industries from all taxes such as exempting tariff of raw material. Eastop, T.D. Croft, D.R. (1990). The economic of energy-saving schemes. In T.D.Eastop D.R. Croft, Energy efficiency for engineers and technologiests (pp.6-26). Great Britain: The Bath Press. This chapter has been written for students who are studying in engineering or technology course. The major issue is to reveal how to decide to invest in energy-saving measures such as what the types of costs of energy usage are  and how to calculate the value of energy saving. The important information that has been mentioned is the price of fuel per unit energy. Martin, M. Allenby, G. (1993). Global Distribution of Manufacturing in the 1980s. In M. Martin G. Allenby, World: Environments and people (pp. 416-445). NSW: Southwood Press. This chapter has been written for the students who study in environmental program. The major area is to reveal how the distribution of manufacture in the world is. Moreover, the author also talks about why some developing nations have the success in establishing a manufacture. The important evidence that is presented in this chapter is talking about the ranks of the worlds exporters of manufactures in developing nations. Martin, M. Allenby, G. (1993). Non-renewable Forms of energy. In M.Martin G. Allenby, World: environments and people (pp. 71-89). NSW: Southwood Press. This chapter has been written for the students who study in environmental program. The major topic area is to reveal about the non-renewable forms of energy such as fossil fuels and nuclear power which is the newest energy sources. The important information that is presented in this chapter is the component of the coal such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, heavy metals, organic compounds and radioactive element. Mulhall, D. (1992). Environmental Management: The relationship between pressure groups and industry-A radical redesign. In D. Koechlin K. Mà ¼ller (Eds.), Green Business Opportunities (pp. 187-203). Great Britain: Biddles Ltd. This chapter has been written for environmentalist. The major issue is to reveal the reasons for the emergence of environmental groups and talk about the impact on peoples live. Moreover, the author also talks about cost of waste management technology and how the movements of environmental groups are. The important evidence that has been mentioned is German industries have to spend a lot of money to eliminate their waste that occurs from  production. New South Wales Department of Energy. (1998). Manufacturing sector energy projections for New South Wales to 2010. In New South Wales Department of Energy, Analysis of energy use in the New South Wales manufacturing sector (pp. 121-130). NSW: Author. This chapter has been written for executives of private organizations or the government in order to use this information to manage the energy use of industries in New South Wales. The major topic area is to present the energy consumption by industries and fuel types that are used by New South Wales manufacturing. The important evidence that has been mentioned is New South Wales manufacturing used coal to be the energy more than other kinds of energy. Sedjo, R.A. (1995). Forests: conflicting signals. In R. Bailey (Ed.), The true state of the planet (pp.178-209). New York: The Free Press. This chapter has been written for universitys student who studies in the area of environment. The major issue is to present the reasons that why the forests are destroyed. This chapter also presents the idea about how the forests can be protected and renewed such as setting protected area and plantations. The important evidence in this chapter is the current situation of global forests. Toal, B.A. (2001, October). Renewable: Future shock, Oil Gas Investor [online]. Available: Proquest 5000 Full-Text Database. [Accessed 2 December 2002] This journal article has been written for students who study in the area of environmental science and environmental engineering or any businessman who considers to environment. The major issue is to present that energy sources such as oil and gas are decreasing. Therefore, renewable resources should be used as the alternative of using energy. As a result, it is time to focus on developing renewable resources. The important examples in this journal  article are the research about photovoltaic devices (solar cells), biomass energy and wind turbines. Unite, A.A. (1995). Recent developments in foreign direct investments in the Philippines: Policy, Trends, and Issues. In T. Tullao JR., G. Largoza C. Castillo (Eds.), Issues in Philippine Economic Development (pp.97-136). Manila: De La Salle University Press. This chapter has been written for students who study in the area of social sciences. The major issue is to present about the foreign investment policies in Philippines and give the growth rates in foreign direct investment. Moreover, this chapter also gives the information about the issues of the foreign investment in Philippines such as the change of the foreign investment policies. The important evidence that has been mentioned is the policy that the Philippines government uses to encourage foreigners to invest in Philippines. Critical Review The two sources by Martin Allenby and Toal focus on the topic area of energy resources which are classified as renewable and non-renewable resources. Moreover, the authors relate the amount of resources to the using of resources in order to make people have the awareness about the limit and decreasing of non-renewable resources. The authors also emphasize people to use renewable resources as alternative energy sources. It is believed that these two sources clearly present about the situation of using natural energy resources and show that it is time to do the researches in order to develop the quality and cost of using renewable energy sources. In the articles written by Martin Allenby and Toal, they both reveal that non-renewable resources are decreasing; as a result, people should focus on using renewable resources as the energy instead of using non-renewable resources. However, in the article by Martin and Allenby, the authors emphasize on presenting the information about non-renewable forms of energy that are finite resources (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.71). The authors report  that the most important sources of energy in the world today particularly in the industrial countries are the fossil fuels ( Martin Allenby, 1993, p.71). For example, oil provides 40 percent of the worlds primary energy consumption (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.79). However, oil is not a plentiful resource. It is estimated that oil reserves are around 2000 billion barrels but only haft of oil reserves has been found and 400 billion barrels have been used (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.79). There are around 650 billion barrels that have been left in prov ed reserves (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.79). Another example which is mentioned in this article is natural gas. The authors report that the using of natural gas is increasing because it is clean, cheap and easy to handle (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.82). However, natural gas is not renewable and it has a limited supply (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.84). Moreover, the authors mention to coal that although coal is non-renewable resources (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.88) and burning coal create the pollution (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.87), it is used in many kinds of industries and the major use of coal is in electricity generation (Martin Allenvy, 1993, p.87). The authors conclude that people are aware that the fossil fuels are finite and non-renewable; therefore, they have become to look at renewable resources as alternative energy sources (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.89). On the other hand, in article written by Toal, the author focuses on showing the researches that have been done in order to develop renewable energy and energy efficient technologies. The author reports that 70 percent of research work that has been done by The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is about the supply-side energy technologies of photovoltaics, biomass and wind (Toal, 2001, p.2). According to Kazmerski, director of NRELs national center for photovoltaics at Golden (cited in Toal, 2001, p.2), after many researches about photovoltaic devices or solar cells have been done, photovoltaic devices or solar cells are cheaper and more efficiency than the pass. Moreover, Bull, associate director of science and technology for all of NREL, reports that NREL is doing the research about biomass energy (Bull, cited in Toal, 2001, p.3). It is believed that the cost of biomass will be cheaper in the future and biomass energy will be produced more than now (Bull, cited in Toal, 2001, p.4). Further more, Thresher, director of NRELs national wind technology center, presents that the problem in the past to produce electricity by  using wind is the cost of production was too expensive (cited in Toal, 2001, p.4). However, since wind turbines have been developed, the wind machines have become bigger, more efficient and cheaper (Thresher, cited in Toal, 2001, pp.4-5). The issues discussed in the sources have been considered as an important issue because decreasing and exhausting of non-renewable resources are going to be serious problem. It is showed that non-renewable resources such as oil, natural gas and coal are decreasing. They will be exhausted in the future if people still use much these kinds of energy. Therefore, these non-renewable resources should be conserved and people should use renewable resources such as solar energy and wind instead. Historically, non-renewable resources are the most important energy sources in the world. Currently, non-renewable resources are shrinking and renewable resources have been considered as the alternative. As a result, many researches have been done in order to develop the quality of renewable resources and reduce cost of them. In Martin and Allenby article, it shows that fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal have been used by many kinds of industries even though they are finite and non-renewable (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.76-88). However, Toal reports that there is the organization in America which has been established in order to develop renewable energy such as photovoltaic devices (solar cells), biomass and wind (Toal, 2001, p.2). These two articles show that the authors have the consideration about the decreasing of non-renewable resources by trying to encourage people to use renewable resources instead non-renewable resources. It can be seen that using non-renewable resources will make these resources exhaust because non-renewable resources are finite. As a result, it is very important that people should focus on using renewable resources. It is clearly distinguished whether each author of these two articles is objective or not. The article written by Martin and Allenby is objective because the authors present the issue by referring to the international situations. Moreover, the authors use the statistic data to support their research such as distribution of the worlds known oil reserves by region (1984) (Department of International Economic and Social Affair, 1987, cited  in Martin Allenby, 1993, p.86). The article written by Toal is subjective because the author emphasizes on doing the researches about renewable forms of energy in order to use them instead of using non-renewable energy sources by The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Even though the author refers to the other experts opinions, all of these experts are the people who work for NREL. For example, according to Bull, associate director of science and technology for all of NREL (cited in Toal, 2001, p.4), cost of biomass will cheaper in the future and biomass energy will be produced more than now. It can be seen that the article written by Martin and Allenby is objective, whereas the article written by Toal is subjective. However, the examples or evidence in these two articles are clearly presented because the authors present the data by using graphs and tables that are easy to understand. Although the examples or evidence that are used in these two sources are not current, they still can be used because some of them are general knowledge. On the other hand, some of statistical data can be used as the direction of change for the future. For example, non-renewable resources are finite; therefore, the amount of them can not increase. In contrast, they are decreasing because non-renewable resources have been used as the major source of energy. Therefore, it can prove that non-renewable resources are decreasing and it is time to develop renewable resources to use as the alternative of energy sources. Even though one article is objective, whereas another is subjective, these two articles are clearly presented about the situation of using natural resources to be energy. In both articles, the authors present the data clearly because all data are presented directly to support the authors argument by using tables, graphs, maps and quotations. For example, the article written by Martin and Allenby explains how each type of non-renewable energy sources such as oil, natural gas and coal formed (Martin Allemby, 1993, pp.71-88). In this part, the authors use the maps to show the areas that these non-renewable energy sources formed in order to make clear understanding about the areas that these energy resources formed (Martin Allemby, 1993, pp.71-88). Further more, the authors also present about the amount of each kind of non-renewable resources in order to support their argument that energy resources which are mostly used are finite by using tables (Martin   Allenby, 1993, pp.71-88). \The article written by Toal mentions the results of researches that have been done by The National Renewable Energy Laboratory such as the research about photovoltaic devices, biomass energy and wind turbines by using quotations and graph (Toal, 2001, pp.1-5). The evidence that Toal uses can show the possibility of using renewable energy sources. Thus, the evidence can support his argument that it is time to focus on developing renewable energy resources to use as the alternative of energy sources instead of non-renewable resources which are decreasing. Therefore, it can be said that these authors interpret data clearly in order to confirm their argument. Both articles are general study because the authors only want to explain some important points about energy source. Therefore, the authors conduct research in order to confirm their argument. However, in the article written by Martin and Allenby, the authors have conducted enough research because the authors use the statistical data to support each area that they mention. Even though all of statistical data that authors use are selected from one source, these data come from the exploration by using scientific method. As a result, these statistical data have the accuracy and they can be considered as the fact. Further more, the authors use these statistical data that mention to the international situation to support their argument. For example, the authors use the statistical data that show the distribution of the worlds known oil reserves when they explain that oil is finite (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.77). On the other hand, in the article written by Toal, the author has not conducted enough research because all of data and other experts opinions are selected from one source. Moreover, all of them only describe the situation of developing renewable resources in America. For example, the author refers to the cost and the efficiency of photovoltaic devises that they are cheaper and more efficiency than the past because of doing the research by NREL (Kazmerski, cited in Toal, 2001, p.3). It can be seen that Martin and Allenby have done enough research, whereas Toal has not done enough research. Therefore, it can be said that Martin and Allenby conduct their research more thoroughly in order to confirm their argument. Among the two sources which are reviewed, it can be clearly seen that the  article written by Martin and Allenby has practical suggestion because it is possible to use renewable resources as the energy. Currently, the cost of renewable resources is the limitation of using renewable resources to be the energy sources. However, it would be possible to decrease the cost. The authors suggest that the research in the area of changing the cost of renewable energy should be done in order to tend people to use renewable resources as the energy sources (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.89). It is because the renewable energy such as sun and winds are infinite (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.89). Further more, many renewable resources are the clean energy. Therefore, it will be benefit for the environment if people use renewable resources (Martin Allenby, 1993, p.89). On the other hand, in the article written by Toal, the author does not make any suggestion. However, it is not necessary to make any suggestion because the author only wants to present the important point which is about possibility of using renewable resources to be the alternative of energy sources. Further more the author only wants to emphasize that it is time to focus on doing research to develop renewable energy resources. Therefore, it can be strongly said that Martin and Allenby have made practical suggestion in their article because renewable resources can be used as energy sources, whereas in article of Toal, it is not necessary to make any suggestion. Among these two sources, in the article written by Martin and Allenby, the authors have not used other experts opinions to support in their article. It is because their article presents the general knowledge that has been proven by many researchers by using scientific method. For example, the authors refer to how non-renewable resources formed and the amount of each kind of non-renewable resource (Martin Allenby, 1993, pp.71-88). In contrast, the article written by Toal is well supported by other experts opinions through using the quotation of other experts opinions. Toal refers to the situations of using renewable energy sources such as cost and quality that has been researched by NREL (Toal, 2001, pp.2-5). For example, according to Kazmerski (cited in Toal, 2001, pp.2-3), Some 35 years ago, when I started in photovoltaics, these devices were used almost exclusively for satellites. A solar cell would cost about $300 to $600 per watt. Today, a solar-cell module such as you would put on your roof-costs $3 to $6 per  watt. And in the future, with the use of thin-film PV technology, we could see that cost drop by half. In addition, the efficiency of commercial solar cells- their ability to convert sunlight into electricity- has risen from 7% to about 15% to18%. Not only Kazmerrskis opinion, but also Bulls and Threshers opinion that Toal uses to support in his article by using quotation. It can be seen that quotations clearly support Toals argument about the possibility of using renewable resources to be alternative of energy sources. Therefore, it is certain for the method of quotation to support authors argument stronger through using other experts opinion. In conclusion, the review shows that energy resources such as natural gas, oil and coal are non-renewable resources and they have the limited supply. As a result, people should use renewable resources as the energy instead. In this review, two articles have been discussed in different six aspects. There are the historical and current significance, the objectivity of the writers, the interpretation of data, the thoroughness of treatment, the practicality of suggestion and other experts opinions. The authors of each article present their argument in different way. However, the authors of both articles use the examples, evidences or other experts opinions to support their arguments and present them clearly. More over, Martin and Allenby make their suggestion practically in their article. However, these two articles will be more effective than present if the authors use current data or current evidences and select data or evidences from various sources. The Analysis of the research The research is limited by three factors. These three factors are the types of information, the research focus and the time limitation. The first limitation is the types of information. The information used in the research is all secondary information such as the research results by Beder in the field of sources of greenhouse gases, the research results about the cost of investment in environmental protection by Mulhall. The information is conducted in order to support the argument. However, the information has not been examined closely whether it has exactly happened or not. The research focus is the second factor that limits the research. It is because this  research focuses only on the current situation such as the consumption of energy in order to use the energy in economic sectors such as industry and agriculture by Adler, Cazamias and Monack. This research does not cover any environmental situation before industrial revolution and during the beginning of industrialization. The final limitation in this research is the limitation of time. The research has to be finished with in limited time. Therefore, time is an important factor that enables the researcher to do in particular area. Many areas such as governments policies about environmental protection and reasons why governments policies about environmental protection can not control the environmental problems are not included in the research. In summary, these possible factors from the above are the factors that limit this research. Suggestions for future research As the research is limited by three certain factors, all suggestions are presented to overcome these limitations for the future research. The first suggestion is primary sources should be used in order to support the argument such as a survey about the cost of investment in environmental protection and monitoring sources of greenhouse gases. It is because using primary sources can tell about what has actually happened. For limitation of the research focus, the further research should be focused on other areas such as environmental situation before industrial revolution and during the beginning of industrialization. Moreover, the future situation about environment should be predicted. It is because the comparison of environmental situation in each period of time can show how serious environmental problems have been expanded. Therefore, the research area becomes deeper in terms of the relationship between industrialization and environmental problems. Finally, the suggestion on limitation of time is the future research should mainly focus on the past situation of environment, governments policies about environmental protection and reasons why policies about environmental protection can not control environmental problems. All of these suggestions will overcome three possible limitations and produce the deeper and more accurate research in the future.

A case study of tesco plc

A case study of tesco plc Relationship marketing is high-touch, person-to-person communication. And it is the most powerful and time-consuming marketing technique. The philosophy or foundation of relationship marketing is the belief that strengthening ties with existing clients heightens customer satisfaction heightens our abilities to serve clients. (Claycomb; 2001) it can be seen that the customer market is increasingly gaining greater importance and thus there is the need to focus on building or fostering relationships (Lindgren; 2005). Customer loyalty, as we conceptualize it, focuses on a customers repeat purchase behaviour that is triggered by a marketers activities. The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the positive relationship between relationship marketing and consumer buying behavior which helps the firm in strengthening its profitability. Also, an important part is to establish the different ways by which relationship marketing can be implemented in the supermarket industry in order to increase its market share. The main theme is to understand the concept of relationship marketing and influence it in a way that the purchasing decision of consumers can be influenced. Evolving out of, and contradictory to, early definitions that were solely behavioural, customer loyalty today is usually viewed as comprising both behavioural and attitudinal components (Day 1969; Jacoby and Kyner 1973). Loyalty is a primary goal of relationship marketing and sometimes even equated with the relationship marketing concept itself (Sheth 1996). The connection between loyalty and profitability has been the focus of both theoretical and empirical studies (Oliver 1999; Payne and Rickard 1997; Reichheld and Sasser 1990). Customer loyalty is also reported to contribute to increased revenues along the relationship life cycle because of cross-selling activities and increased customer penetration rates (e.g. Dwyer and Schurr 1987). Positive word-of-mouth communication, defined as all informal communications between a customer and others concerning evaluations of goods or services, includes relating pleasant, vivid, or novel experiences; recommendations to others; and even conspicuous display (Anderson 1998; p 6). Largely because personal communication is viewed as a more reliable source than non personal information (e.g., Gremler and Brown 1994; Zeithaml and Bitner 1996), word-of-mouth communication is a powerful force in influencing future buying decisions, particularly when the service delivered is of high risk for the customer (e.g., Sheth, Mittal, and Newman 1999). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aims and objectives of this study is: To examine the structure and various dimensions of a customers psychological attachment towards a firm. To investigate into the various dimensions of relationship marketing and their impact on direct consumer buying behavior. To analyze the various methods of relationship marketing adopted by Tesco plc and how it affects its consumers buying behavior. To recommend some practicable ways in which relationship marketing can be implemented. RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the main areas of relationship marketing that Tesco concentrates on and how it affects the profitability of the company? What are the various ways of strengthening relationship marketing in order to improve consumer buying behavior? Do the key variables such as trust, satisfaction, commitment and relationship building affect the consumer buying behavior directly? BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Tesco plc is the UKs largest retailer in terms of both sales and market share, and the third largest global retailer in terms of both sales and revenue. With operating income of  £3.1bn in 2009, the company has embarked upon a major expansion phase in the past decade, and as of December 2009 has more than 2,300 stores across the UK (including Tesco Metro, Superstores, Express and Extra branches), more than any other supermarket. The company has branched out into an extremely wide range of area and has also set up its own distribution network as part of a drive towards greater vertical integration within the company. As an extension of the Relationship Marketing approach, many companies have introduced loyalty schemes. Initially, such schemes simply offered discounts for regular customers. However, companies such as Tesco have rolled loyalty schemes out to other areas. Tescos Clubcard scheme, for example, can be used in a number of different environments and also provides valuable information for the company, which it can use to assess the specifics of a customers shopping habits and target that customers habits in a very specific manner. LITERATURE REVIEW Relationship Marketing: There are numerous definitions of relationship marketing and interested readers are directed toward Harker (1998) for a thorough review. Some of those most commonly used are the definitions offered by particularly influential authors, which are outlined below: Marketing is the process of identifying and establishing, maintaining, enhancing and when necessary terminating relationships with customers and other stakeholders, at a profit, so that the objectives of all parties involved are met, where this is done by a mutual giving and fulfilment of promises. (Gronroos, 1997, p. 407) All marketing efforts directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges. (Morgan and Hunt, 1994, p. 23) Relationship marketing is about understanding, creating, and managing exchange relationships between economic partners; manufacturers, service providers, various channel members, and final consumers. (Moller and Wilson, 1995, p. 1) Marketing is mainly seen as relationships, networks and interaction. (Gummesson, 1994, p. 12) However, one of the most frequently cited definitions is that of Grà ¶nroos who states that (the purpose of) marketing is to identify and establish, maintain and enhance, and when necessary terminate relationships with customers (and other parties) so that objectives regarding economic and other variables of all parties are met. This is achieved through a mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Grà ¶nroos, 2007, 22). Forms of relationship marketing: This definition reflects the expansion of RMs domain to include all the complex networks of relationships that are established in the market among companies and their customers, suppliers, competitors and other stakeholders. By analyzing the practices in the business environment Gummesson (2008) identifies no less than 30 relationships of this kind and groups them in the following categories such as Classic market relationships where aspects such as the supplier-customer dyad and the supplier-customer-competitor triad or the physical distribution network are included. Special market relationships: the relationships via full-time marketers and part-time marketers, the relationship to the unsatisfied customer, the e-relationship, the Para-social relationships and many more are discussed here;Mega relationships: these exist above the market level and provide a platform for market relationships (those from the previous two categories). They concern the mega marketing (lobbying, public opinion and political power), the mega alliances (e.g. NAFTA) and the social relationships (such as friendship and ethnic bonds); Nano relationships: these exist below the market level, inside the organizations, and have an impact on external relationships. All these elements add up and contribute to Gummessons [2008, 5] definition: relationship marketing is interaction in networks of relationships. There are several other broad approaches. One of them is the six markets model developed by Christopher, Payne and Ballantyne as an instrument for helping managers identify strategically important stakeholders. The Customer Markets are placed in the centre of this model to emphasize the idea that organizations can only optimize relationships with customers if they understand and manage relationships with other relevant stakeholders (Payne et al., 2005, 859). The other five markets, described below, have a supporting role: Referral markets (satisfied customers that become advocates of the company and recommend it to other potential customers); Influence markets (unions, business press, regulatory bodies, financial analysts, competitors, the government, consumer groups etc.); Recruitment markets (potential employees and the channels used to access them; Supplier and alliance markets (suppliers that the company has partnership relationships with, and other organizations with which the company shares capabilities and knowledge); Internal markets (the organization and its employees). Similarly, Morgan and Hunt [1994] note the existence of 10 exchange relationships that can be established in the context of four partnership types: buyer, supplier, lateral and internal partnerships. Kotler (1992) presents, although from a transactional perspective, the 10 critical players from a companys environment: suppliers, distributors, end-users and employees (in the immediate environment), and financial firms, governments, media, allies, competitors and the generic public (in the macro-environment). Customer relationship marketing: The last broad approach that we make reference to is the Contemporary Marketing Practices Framework. This will be further detailed in the next paragraph of the paper. This continuing debate over the breadth of RMs domain is compared by Payne (2000) with the one generated by Kotler and Levys article Broadening the Concept of Marketing, published in 1969. The two authors advocated the idea of using marketing in non commercial activities which ultimately led to the development of new fields such as social, educational and even church marketing (Kotler, 2005). But not everyone agreed initially; in his article Broadening the Concept of Marketing Too Far Luck expressed concerns that this proposal, although intriguing and imaginative may lead to confusion regarding the essential nature of marketing (Luck 1969; 53). Payne (2000) believes that the first step in settling the current RM debate is agreeing on a common terminology to distinguish between the broad and the narrow approaches. He suggests using the term customer relationship marketing for the supplier-customer dyad and leaving relationship marketing as a term for the more general perspective. In time, one of the two might become dominant. Egan (2008) considers that the narrow standpoint will prevail as it is, to a certain degree, measurable and it sustains the functionalist marketing approach. Research Paradigm Research is defined as systematic approach towards problem solving and phenomenon description. The research paradigms focus on the gathering, processing, interpretation and analyzing the data. According to McNabb (2002) research is process of interlinking from data collection to data analysis. The various researchers to understand the worldview have used research as process. Interpretivism: Interpretivist paradigm would be used in our research to find out the impact of relationship marketing on consumer buying behaviors. It is characterized by seeing the social world from a highly subjective viewpoint. It places the emphasis of explanation in the subjective consciousness of the social participants instead of the objective observer (Burrell Morgan, 1979). Under interpretivism, general rules and external structures of society do not exist and the aim of research is to investigate the meanings and interpretations of actors in specific situations. Because of the highly subjective nature of the interpretive research, studies tend to be small in scale and emphasis is placed on the validity and insight of the research, rather than simply the outcomes or results. Positivism: Positivism can be defined as the scientific research where numerical and statistical data and figures are used. It is mainly used for conducting quantitative research. In this research, I use interpretivism because this research study is mainly conducted on the basis of theoretical concept. Research methodology Quantitative research method would be used in the research which is a type of scientific research where numerical and statistical things are used. In general terms, scientific research consists of an investigation that seeks answers to a question, Systematically uses a predefined set of procedures to answer the question, collects evidence, produces findings that were not determined in advance and produces findings that are applicable beyond the immediate boundaries of the study. Grounded theory will be applied in this research (TESCO) to analyze the data collected through research process. As an analysis process grounded theory was developed to build an explanation  or to generate a theory around the core or central theme that emerges from researcher  data. GROUNDED THEORY: It is one kind of systematic methodology of qualitative research in relation to the social science where importance is given towards the theory generation from the data collected by the researcher at the research conducting process. Thematic Analysis: Thematic analysis is a search for themes that emerge as being important to the description of the phenomenon (Daly, Kellehear, Gliksman, 1997).The process involves the identification of themes through careful reading and re-reading of the data (Rice Ezzy, 1999, p. 258). It is a form of pattern recognition within the data, where emerging themes become the categories for analysis. The method of analysis chosen for this study is a hybrid approach of qualitative methods of thematic analysis, and it incorporates both the data-driven inductive approach of Boyatzis (1998) and the deductive template of codes approach outlined by Crabtree and Miller (1999). This approach complements the research questions by allowing the tenets of social phenomenology to be integral to the process of deductive thematic analysis while allowing for themes to emerge direct from the data using inductive coding. RESEARCH METHOD: Primary Data Data is most critical to the whole research, as qualified and relevant data would bring the best results. There are two types to acquire data one is primary source and the other is secondary source. The primary source of collecting data is carried through interviews, surveys, questionnaires etc. The data is directly acquired from the research object to get undiluted and authentic data. In general data could be facts, figures or any other forms of information upon which observation is made. Data are facts, figures, enumerations and other material, which forms the basis  for the research. Research strategy: For my research I would be surveying the employees and conducting semi-structured interview with Tesco. The survey would mainly focus on the relationship marketing aspects and how this could be used as a tool to convince the purchasing decision of the customers. Apart from survey the semi-structured interview would either be telephone based or face-to-face interview. In my research the use of secondary data is limited and would only be used in the form of published reports from organizations such as Mckinsey. Questionnaire survey and Semi-structured interview: ( DISCUSS EACH UNDER ITS OWN HEADING) Survey method: A questionnaire is basic set of questions or statements focused on the research topic with large amount of respondents. A questionnaire is normally used when large number of responses is to be recorded. Questionnaires are  certainly the most often employed data collection devices in statistical work. The most well known type of questionnaire is censuses, which is normally used in conjunction with qualitative approach. The method applies set of questions to large number of people (respondents). Semi structured interview: The semi structured interviews are one to one communication with the concerned respondents relating to the research. The questions are framed to analyze the research questions without directly letting the respondent know what the researcher is trying to extract from the questions being asked to the respondents. Both these forms of data collection instruments would be used to analyze the data where the questionnaires would be used for the customers and the interviews would be used to analyze the companys point of view. Ethical Issues There are a number of key phrases that describe the system of ethical protections that the contemporary research establishment have created to try to protect better the rights of their research participants. Voluntary, participation informed consent, risk of harm confidentiality and anonymity right to service. CONCLUSION Relationship marketing involves the use of one-on-one communication to earn the loyalty of your target audience. This not only helps in retaining the customers but also in attracting new customers. Today, the market has mostly become a buyers market rather than a sellers market and hence, sellers have to try their level best to maintain and attract customers towards their business. This is mainly because the competition in the market is too high and no sellers are in a position to create a demand for them but the only tool they have is marketing, through which they can attract the customers but affecting their purchasing decisions is far beyond their control. While personal marketing helps you to get your message across in a way that will be better received, relationship marketing helps you to strengthen your relationship with your target audience. The research on Tesco would give much enhanced response about the best practises of relationship marketing as it is the leading supermark et of UK and their sales and profit are largely based on their customer relations which influences their long term relationship positively thereby affecting their buying behaviour. This research is basically to analyze and evaluate the practises of relationship marketing and there might be interesting dimensions in the field which the research can invent. Expected time allocation for the dissertation: Task Week Duration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Introduction Literature review Methodology Data analysis Conclude the findings and analyzing the results Drafting the research report Audit and review Final submission of the dissertation